Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and DENSITY of BONE minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of BONE minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and DENSITY of the BONE minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and BONE MASS was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and BONE MASS, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that BONE response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

Background &Aims: Osteoporosis is a chronic degenerative disorder that is characterized with reductions in BONE mineral DENSITY. The cause of osteoporosis is multifactor and nutritional status plays an important role in development and maintenance of BONE DENSITY and prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. In this study, we survey the nutritional status, dairy products consumption frequency and relationship between dietary calcium and BONE mineral DENSITY (BMD) in three types: normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic groups of postmenopausal women.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 46 postmenopausal women in Tabriz (age 58±0.81).For each subject, 24-hours food recall (2 regular days and a holiday) and dairy products frequency questionnaires were completed. BONE mineral DENSITY (BM.D.) was measured at LS and FN with using DEXA system.Results: The results of BMD measurement of 6 women were normal, 22 women were osteopenic and 18 women were osteoporotic. The energy and macronutrients intake in all groups were adequate but magnesium intake was obviously lower than the recommended level in all groups. There was a significant difference between normal and osteoporotic groups in calcium intake (p=0.02). Dairy products consumption frequency between normal and osteoporotic groups showed a significant difference (p=0.01).There was a remarkable relationship between dietary calcium and BONE Mineral DENSITY (BM.D.) (p=0.0001, r=0.572).Discussion: The calcium and dairy products consumption frequency in postmenopausal women was lower than the recommended level, thus nutritional education about increasing dietary calcium or supplements was recommended.

Osteoporosis is common in rheumatoid arthritis. Corticoesteroids act as an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. We have evaluated the effect of glucocorticoids on BONE DENSITY of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.In this study BONE MASS DENSITY of spine and neck of femur in 52 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had been taking glucocorticoids for at least 6 months were compared with 17 control patients that not used glucocorticoids. Dual energy X-ray absorbiometry was used.BONE MASS DENSITY was lower in spine and neck of femur in esteroid receiving patients in both sexes. This difference was statically significant only in femur of male patients. Decreased BONE DENSITY was more significant in spine. There was no correlation between DENSITY of spine and femur.All patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were taking esteroid have more chance of osteoporosis and should be evaluated and followed by BONE densitometry.

Introduction: The BONE MASS DENSITY (BMD) may vary in different countries due to different genetic and environmental factors. This study was performed to determine the BMD of the normal population in Iran. Methods and Materials: Subjects were selected randomly from different works and social classes in Tehran (from the lowest to the highest). For each decade and sexes, 20 normal subjects were selected (140 men and 140 women). BMD was measured with a Hologic 1000 plus machine by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method for the lumber spine (L1, L2, L3, L4, L1-L4) and the femoral neck (neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, ward, total). Data were treated by polynomial approximation (3 rd degree). The obtained curves were compared with the standard Hologic curves for Caucasians. Results: In female the Peak. BONE MASS (PBM) was 1.019 glcm2 for the lumbar spine and 0.832 for the femoral neck. In male the peak. BONE MASS) PBM) was 0.987 glcm2 for the lumbar spine and 0.907 for the femoral neck. The BMD of both lumbar spine and femoral neck were lower than the Hologic standards. For the lumbar spine the mean difference was 6.5 percent (2 to 21 percent, CI=1) for women and 13.8 percent (2 to 36 percent, CI=1.45) for men. In femoral neck the mean difference was 5.4 percent (2 to 16 percent, CI=0.96) for women and 4.6 percent (I to 14 percent, CI=0.96) for men. Conclusion: The BMD of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck was lower in Iranian compared to the Hologic standards for Caucasians. This was seen in all age groups and in both sexes. It was less pronounced for the PBM in spine was lower in men than women. The lower BMD of the spine in men was also seen in a cohort of patients with different diseases (inflammatory and non-inflammatory).

Background and Aim: Body Composition is composed of two main components: Fat MASS (FM) and lean MASS (LM), each having different impacts on BONE mineral DENSITY (BMD). In the present study we investigated the relation between these two components with BMD in military men.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, BMD, FM and LM were measured in 99 military men with an average age of 35.7 years using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. The correlation between two-component FM and LM with BMD in the whole body and different limbs of the body were determined. Results: A negative correlation was seen between BMD with FM in the whole body (p=0.214) and the upper (p=0.955) and lower (p=0.836) limbs though it was statistically non-significant. Meanwhile, BMD had a significant positive correlation with LM in the upper (p=0.000) and lower (p=0.001) limbs and also the total body (p=0.001).Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that FM has a negative effect on BONE DENSITY and LM may serve as a true predictor of BMD in the upper and lower limbs in military men.

Background: Osteoporosis is known as reduction of BONE DENSITY, which is diagnosed using dual‑ energy X‑ ray absorptiometry. Although some studies have shown high body MASS index (BMI) as a protective factor for osteoporosis and fracture risks, some other studies demonstrated obesity as a risk factor for osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between BMI and BONE mineral DENSITY (BMD) in premenopausal and postmenopausal females. Furthermore, we determined the correlation between BMI and fracture risk in postmenopausal females. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the age and BMI with 10‑ year probability fracture risk (estimated using fracture risk assessment tool) and BMD in the L1– L4 spine and femoral neck. Data were collected from BMD center, Askariye Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, from May 2016 to July 2017. Results: The study consisted of 1361 individuals, including 305 premenopausal females and 1056 postmenopausal females. The results showed a statistically significant increase of BMD (P < 0. 001) and a decrease of fracture risk (β = − 0. 158, R2 = 0. 518) with an increase of BMI in postmenopausal females. Moreover, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were significantly higher in individuals with BMI ≥ 30 than in those with BMI <25 in both premenopausal and postmenopausal females (P < 0. 001). In addition, older postmenopausal females indicated significantly lower L1– L4 BMD (r = − 0. 280, P < 0. 05) and femoral neck BMD (r = − 0. 358, P < 0. 05). Conclusion: The results showed a positive correlation between BMI and BMD of the spine and femoral neck which did not differ by menopausal status. However, there was a correlation between BMI and fracture risk in postmenopausal females.

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most common problems in the women, especially after menopause and at the old age. BONE densitometry of vertebrae of lumbar region and femoral neck is a non invasive and precise method for evaluation of BONE MASS DENSITY (BMD) and determination of facture risk.Materials and Method: from different districts of Ahvaz city, more than 300 healthy men and woman were selected. They were referred to the center of BONE densitometry after ruling out underlying diseases. BMD evaluation was done with LUNAR apparatus.Results: There was a meaningful difference between BMD of men and women. There was also a meaningful difference among women groups regarding LUNAR standard. But this was not the case in the men.Conclusion: It was concluded that there is a meaningful difference between the mean of BMD in the femoral neck and lumbar region. In addition there was a difference between these two regions in women (not men) and lunar standard.